小科来探讨：名字影响长相
一、背景
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富春鸟语⑥鸡鸭亦鸟+露水鸳鸯31 个评论 - 160 次查看
2024-08-2619:35 - 稻草堆里的鱼 - 教师之家
大前天的一个鸟贴【如上】，
文中提到：全身黑羽为主，名叫黑水鸡；嘴上鲜红鼻子，又称红骨顶。
翁老师回帖并提出大哉问：生物学的命名也蛮值得深究一下的。
本想对该话题做点小小讨论【名字与长相的相关性】，恰好看到几篇相关报道，有关“名字影响长相”学说，如此且开新贴拓展之，简述如下。
二、探讨
从名字说 到面相说 再到字面说——“名字影响长相”学说
①字说
从测字说【破字-相字-测字】到名字说
1.1、破字-隋朝已经出现，如《隋书.经籍志》卷三《历数类》就载有《破字要诀》一卷。
1.2、相字-唐宋进入极盛，如唐《北梦琐言》《北梦琐言》宋《石林燕语》《春渚纪闻》记载。
1.3、测字-明清完善固化，以《测字秘牒》《字触》《拆字部汇考》三部著作出现为标志。
2.1、1918年由日本人熊崎健翁开创五格剖象法也称作【熊崎氏姓名学】，其核心就是将人的姓名按五格剖象法来解释。
2.2、1937 年名字研究奠基人之一Walton发表了“The affective value of firstnames”，他指出 “一个人在出生后被赋予的名字会成为影响其人格发展、友谊获得、生活成功的决定性因素”。
2.3、国内的研究近年来也有不少，比如中科院心理研究所行为科学重点研究室课题：名字既能影响个体的心理和行为, 又能反映群体的文化心理和偏好（2015年）；名字通过自尊为媒介对个人幸福感产生影响（2017年）；
②面说
从《麻衣神相》到《冰鉴》，面相术举例
1、宋-道教老祖-陈抟《麻衣神相》面相十二宫判断人生吉凶：
命 宫：位于两眉之间「印堂」的部位。影响一个人的基本运势。
财帛宫：位于「鼻头」的部位。关系到财富的吉凶。
兄弟宫：「眉毛」是兄弟宫。关系兄弟关系吉凶。
夫妻宫：位于「眼尾」部位。关系夫妻关系吉凶。
子女宫：位于「下眼皮」隆起的部位。象征子女是否有出息、有子嗣否等。
疾厄宫：位于两眼之间「山根」的部位。关系到健康方面的吉凶。
迁移宫：位于「上额两端眉际」部位。看迁徙与出门在外的吉凶。
奴仆宫：位于「面颊下端」部位。关系交友与部属关系吉凶。
官禄宫：位于「额头正中」部位。关系事业、官位、学业方面吉凶。
田宅宫：位于「眉与眼中间的眼皮」部位。关系一个人的家运吉凶。
福德宫：位于「眉上方偏外部」部位。关系财运和福气的吉凶。
父母宫：父位于「左额中间偏上」、母位于「右额中间偏上」。关系与父母之间的缘分吉凶等。
2、清-中兴大臣-曾国藩《冰鉴》相术口诀：
邪正看眼鼻，
真假看嘴唇。
功名看气概，富贵看精神。
主意看指爪，
风波看脚筋。
若要看条理，全在语言中。
③字面说
以上字说面术，或为玄学、或近科学，只为引子，引入本节字面说——一位作者、两篇论文、七年时间，只为讨论“名字影响长相”：
Zwebner,Y., (2017). We Look Like Our Names:The Manifestation of NameStereotypes in Facial Appearance. Journal ofPersonality and SocialPsychology, 112(4), 527-554.
//研究举例：研究人员让数百名受试者观察一些陌生人的照片，并将照片上的人与4至5个名字对号入座。受试者“找名字”的正确率达到25％至40％，明显高于随机的20％至25％。
//研究举例：研究人员利用大约10万份长相与名字的搭配数据训练计算机后，计算机“以貌取人”的准确率可达54％至54％。
//研究讨论：一张照片四个名字，理论上瞎蒙正确率应该是25%，事实上猜对正确率是38%，大于理论值。机器学习重复实验，人名匹配正确率也高于随机水平。如此推测名字影响面部特征。
Zwebner,Y., (2024). Can names shape facialappearance? PNAS, 121(30),e2405334121.
//研究举例：研究者们设计了一系列的实验。他们先是找来了一群大人和小孩，让他们看一些照片，然后从4个名字中选一个觉得最配的，随机概率为25 %。共测试了32张陌生面孔(成人16例,儿童16例)。同时将参与者分为成人组（117人）和儿童组（76人）。结果显示，成人参与者匹配成人照片和他们的真实名字的准确率为30.40 %，显著大于随机概率 25 %。相比之下，对于儿童照片，参与者匹配了真实姓名的准确率为23.61 %，与随机概率 25 %没有显著差异。儿童参与者匹配成人照片和他们的真实名字的准确率为28.45 %，高于随机概率但并不显著，匹配儿童照片和他们的真实名字的准确率为22.70%，低于随机概率。
//研究讨论：长相和名字对应实验中，对儿童面孔匹配的时候，正确率不到25%；而对大人的面孔匹配的时候，正确率会超过30%。因此推测名字和长相的一致性，不是从小就有的，而是在长大的过程中，逐渐出现的。
三、附录
Zwebner,Y., (2024).Can names shape facial appearance? PNAS, 121(30),e2405334121.
链接：Can names shape facialappearance? - PubMed (nih.gov)
摘要Abstract
Our given name is a social tag associatedwith us early in life. This study investigates the possibility of aself-fulfilling prophecy effect wherein individuals' facial appearance developsover time to resemble the social stereotypes associated with given names.Leveraging the face-name matching effect, which demonstrates an ability tomatch adults' names to their faces, we hypothesized that individuals wouldresemble their social stereotype (name) in adulthood but not in childhood. Totest this hypothesis, children and adults were asked to match faces and namesof children and adults. Results revealed that both adults and childrencorrectly matched adult faces to their corresponding names, significantly abovethe chance level. However, when it came to children's faces and names,participants were unable to make accurate associations. Complementing our labstudies, we employed a machine-learning framework to process facial image dataand found that facial representations of adults with the same name were moresimilar to each other than to those of adults with different names. Thispattern of similarity was absent among the facial representations of children,thereby strengthening the case for the self-fulfilling prophecy hypothesis.Furthermore, the face-name matching effect was evident for adults but not forchildren's faces that were artificially aged to resemble adults, supporting theconjectured role of social development in this effect. Together, these findingssuggest that even our facial appearance can be influenced by a social factorsuch as our name, confirming the potent impact of social expectations.
Zwebner,Y., (2017). We Look Like Our Names:The Manifestation of NameStereotypes in Facial Appearance. Journal ofPersonality and SocialPsychology, 112(4), 527-554.
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链接We look like our names: Themanifestation of name stereotypes in facial appearance - PubMed (nih.gov)
摘要Abstract
Research demonstrates that facialappearance affects social perceptions. The current research investigates thereverse possibility: Can social perceptions influence facial appearance? Weexamine a social tag that is associated with us early in life-our given name.The hypothesis is that name stereotypes can be manifested in facial appearance,producing a face-name matching effect, whereby both a social perceiver and acomputer are able to accurately match a person's name to his or her face. In 8studies we demonstrate the existence of this effect, as participants examiningan unfamiliar face accurately select the person's true name from a list ofseveral names, significantly above chance level. We replicate the effect in 2countries and find that it extends beyond the limits of socioeconomic cues. Wealso find the effect using a computer-based paradigm and 94,000 faces. In ourexploration of the underlying mechanism, we show that existing name stereotypesproduce the effect, as its occurrence is culture-dependent. A self-fulfillingprophecy seems to be at work, as initial evidence shows that facial appearanceregions that are controlled by the individual (e.g., hairstyle) are sufficientto produce the effect, and socially using one's given name is necessary togenerate the effect. Together, these studies suggest that facial appearancerepresents social expectations of how a person with a specific name shouldlook. In this way a social tag may influence one's facial appearance.
四、讨论
上述字面说，主要用到归纳法来总结实验数据本身，却没有强说服力的理论依据。所以称为“名字影响长相”——仅仅称为“影响”，本人认为还是可信的，不知各位如何看待，期待您的回帖。
